Repositório Colecção:http://hdl.handle.net/11144/43842024-03-28T13:47:23Z2024-03-28T13:47:23ZIndexObservarehttp://hdl.handle.net/11144/43962021-01-05T10:24:51Z2019-11-01T00:00:00ZTítulo: Index
Autor: Observare
Resumo: Janus.Net. Vol10, nº22019-11-01T00:00:00ZThe UN in conflict resolution: the case of East TimorGarcia, Francisco ProençaDias, MónicaDuque, Raquelhttp://hdl.handle.net/11144/43952020-10-12T08:50:18Z2019-11-01T00:00:00ZTítulo: The UN in conflict resolution: the case of East Timor; A ONU na resolução de conflitos: o caso de Timor-Leste
Autor: Garcia, Francisco Proença; Dias, Mónica; Duque, Raquel
Resumo: The involvement of the United Nations in East Timor can be divided into four periods, including
the anti-colonial period (1955-1974), the reaction period (1975-1982), the attenuation period
(1983-1998) and the commitment period (from 1999). It is about this last period that this
paper will focus by analysing the decisive steps of the UN, as a multilateral organization with
a security mandate, in resolving the Timorese conflict and peacebuilding in that territory. This
analysis will be guided by the proposals of the document "An Agenda for Peace" presented in
1992 by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, and the
expectations he created in the field of peace operations. We are particularly interested in
looking at the design of post-conflict peacebuilding missions and assessing the extent to which
the (expected) capital gains from these operations compared to conventional peacekeeping
missions would come to fruition or not. Thus, it is important to examine how the main missions
were carried out, with special focus on the different actors, as well as to make a critical balance
with some historical distance. In this context, it seems to us that the case of East Timor will
be a good example to understand the need for a new approach to peacebuilding, as advocated
in this Report, but which at a distance of more than 25 years becomes even more evident.
The perception of peace as a continuous process that involves a whole sustainability network,
and that depends above all on fostering and developing competences for peace (involving
multiple and distinct actors facing constant coordination and negotiation challenges),
therefore allows demanding greater commitment on the part of the Security Council, but also
on that of the General Assembly in carrying out this difficult task in the context of the new
world (dis) order.2019-11-01T00:00:00ZOpportunities for conflict prevention. Lessons from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS)Cuadrado, Jarahttp://hdl.handle.net/11144/43942020-10-12T10:56:38Z2019-11-01T00:00:00ZTítulo: Opportunities for conflict prevention. Lessons from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS); Oportunidades de prevenção de conflitos. Lições da comunidade económica dos Estados Da África Ocidental (Cedeao)
Autor: Cuadrado, Jara
Resumo: Conflict prevention has become an important doctrine within conflict management policies in
international and regional organizations, especially since the end of the Cold War. There has
been an evolution in the last three decades in the context of peace and security that has made
conflict prevention gains relevance. In the current context, with the arrival of António Guterres
to the Secretary General of the United Nations (UN), conflict prevention doctrine could be
encouraged, since he has pointed out that it should be the priority of the organization.
Conflict prevention offers several advantages to face crisis contexts, since it works on avoiding
violence situations escalating towards armed conflicts and helping to control the spread of
security threats. By using preventive measures, the structural causes of conflicts can be dealt
with in the most durable and efficient manner since the final goal of preventive actions is to
transform actually or potentially violent conflict into non-violent processes of social and
political change.
While conflict prevention has gained greater importance, another trend has been promoted;
security regionalization. Since the mid-nineties, there has been a transition in international
peacekeeping missions, aimed to warrant peace and security all over the world that has
focused on regional actors. This practice has been particularly welcomed in Africa.
Both trends –conflict prevention and security regionalization– will be the object of study in
this article, using as a practical scenario the region of West Africa. It is a geographic area
where a series of cross-border threats are concentrated, hence becoming a zone of
international concern. Moreover, the experience on conflict prevention of the regional
organization, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is interesting.
Indeed, ECOWAS has carried out a significant activity regarding preventive diplomacy and
mediation in conflicts.
Thus, the objectives of this research are: (1) to study the evolution of conflict prevention
doctrine; (2) to assess the link between conflict prevention policies and security
regionalization; and (3) to use the case of ECOWAS as an illustration, since the organization
is at the forefront of conflict prevention iniciatives in the African continent.2019-11-01T00:00:00ZThe influence of climate change on the escalating communal conflict between herdsmen and farmers: the case of the Fulani ethnic group in NigeriaFurini, Gustavohttp://hdl.handle.net/11144/43932020-10-12T10:54:57Z2019-11-01T00:00:00ZTítulo: The influence of climate change on the escalating communal conflict between herdsmen and farmers: the case of the Fulani ethnic group in Nigeria; A influência das alterações climáticas na escalada do conflito comunal entre pastores e agricultores: o caso da etnia Fulani na Nigéria
Autor: Furini, Gustavo
Resumo: Current scientific evidence shows that human activities are causing interference at different
levels in the global climate and availability of natural resources, and many authors already
relate water scarcity to the increased risk of violent conflict, particularly i n rural societies on
the African continent. Climate disruptions caused by climate change are reflected on a regional
and local scale, and the greatest impacts are already being felt in the poorest areas of the
planet. Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, has been facing environmental problems in
its territory that can be associated with climate change, such as rising temperatures, reduced
rainfall and advancing desertification. Considering that all these phenomena have been
worsening since the early twentieth century in Nigeria and, due to the escalating of violent
conflicts since the beginning of the current century, the objective of this paper is to analyse
how climate change can interfere in the conflict between herdsmen and farmers, as well as
the possible impact of seasonal variation in rainfall on the dynamics of these communal
conflicts. The study focused on literature review and the case study took place in four Nigerian
states (Plateau, Benue, Taraba and Nasarawa) for the period 2010-2017, focusing on the
communal conflict involving the Fulani ethnic group. The approach adopted was the inductive
method in which the behaviour of rainfall in the study area was compared with the number of
deaths resulting from the conflict, in addition to using geo-processing software to understand
the spatial and temporal distribution of casualties. The theoretical framework used was that
proposed by Thomas Homer-Dixon (1994) and the information was collected from primary
sources, with consultation of qualitative and quantitative data, and from secondary sources
through book reviews, publications and papers in scientific journals. While it is not yet possible
to establish a direct and linear relationship between climate change and violent conflict, the
revised literature indicates that competition for water and other natural resources in certain
parts of Nigeria is increasing, and that the violent conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and
farmers are increasing due to the dispute over access to water sources and g razing lands.
Data analysis shows that in the study area there are 46.4% more deaths in the dry season
(November to April) than in the rainy season (May to October). While there are still not enough
elements to conclude that climate change is the primary cause of the conflict, the analysis
reinforces the need, in certain contexts, particularly in developing countries with populations
highly dependent on the primary sector of the economy, for the impacts of climate change to
be seriously considered as a risk to human security.2019-11-01T00:00:00Z